{"id":41761,"date":"2024-12-14T21:33:00","date_gmt":"2024-12-14T20:33:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/otpor.media\/?p=41761"},"modified":"2024-12-14T21:33:04","modified_gmt":"2024-12-14T20:33:04","slug":"izumili-cijepljenje-kremom-koja-bi-trebala-zamijeniti-igle","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/otpor.media\/?p=41761","title":{"rendered":"Izumili cijepljenje kremom koja bi trebala zamijeniti igle"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

Zamislite svijet u kojem je cjepivo krema<\/strong> koju utrljate na ko\u017eu umjesto igle koju vam u ko\u017eu ili mi\u0161i\u0107 zabija zdravstveni djelatnik. Kamo sre\u0107e ako je to cjepivo potpuno bezbolno i ne prate ga temperatura, oteklina, crvenilo ili bol u ruci.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Zahvaljuju\u0107i pripitomljavanju bakterijske vrste koja se nalazi na ko\u017ei svih ljudi na Zemlji od strane istra\u017eiva\u010da Sveu\u010dili\u0161ta Stanford<\/a><\/strong>, ta bi vizija mogla postati stvarnost.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

“Svi mi mrzimo igle”, rekao je dr. Michael Fischbach<\/strong>, profesor  bioin\u017eenjeringa. “Nisam na\u0161ao niti jednu osobu kojoj se ne svi\u0111a ideja da je mogu\u0107e injekciju zamijeniti kremom.”<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ko\u017ea je u\u017easno mjesto za \u017eivot, smatra Fischbach. “Nevjerojatno je suho, preslano za ve\u0107inu jednostani\u010dnih stvorenja i nema puno toga za jelo. Ne mogu zamisliti da bi itko \u017eelio \u017eivjeti tamo.”<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ali nekoliko izdr\u017eljivih mikroba to naziva domom. Me\u0111u njima je Staphylococcus epidermidis<\/strong>, op\u0107enito bezopasna bakterijska vrsta koja kolonizira ko\u017eu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

“Ove bube nalaze se na svakom folikulu dlake gotovo svake osobe na planetu”, rekao je Fischbach.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Imunolozi su mo\u017eda zanemarili na\u0161e bakterije koje koloniziraju ko\u017eu, jer se \u010dini da one ne pridonose puno na\u0161em blagostanju, \u0161to se pokazalo pogre\u0161nim. Posljednjih su godina Fischbach i njegovi kolege otkrili da imunolo\u0161ki sustav reagira mnogo agresivnije na S. epidermidis nego \u0161to je itko o\u010dekivao.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

U studiji objavljenoj u \u010dasopisu Nature<\/a><\/strong>, Fischbach i njegovi kolege usredoto\u010dili su se na klju\u010dni aspekt imunolo\u0161kog odgovora, proizvodnju antitijela<\/strong>. Ovi specijalizirani proteini mogu se dr\u017eati specifi\u010dnih biokemijskih zna\u010dajki napada\u010dkih mikroba, \u010desto ih sprje\u010davaju\u0107i da u\u0111u u stanice ili da nesmetano putuju kroz krvotok do mjesta na koja ne bi smjeli i\u0107i. Svaka molekula protutijela tipi\u010dno cilja na odre\u0111enu biokemijsku zna\u010dajku koja pripada jednoj mikrobnoj vrsti ili soju.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Fischbach i postdoktorska znanstvenica  Djenet Bousbaine<\/strong>, glavna autorica studije, i njihovi kolege \u017eeljeli su znati bi li imunolo\u0161ki sustav mi\u0161a, \u010diju ko\u017eu ina\u010de ne kolonizira S. epidermidis, pokrenuo odgovor protutijela ako bi se tamo pojavio?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Po\u010detni pokusi, koje je izvela Bousbaine, bili su jednostavni: umo\u010dite \u0161tapi\u0107 od vate u bo\u010dicu koja sadr\u017ei  S. epidermidis. Nje\u017eno utrljajte \u0161tapi\u0107 na glavu normalnog mi\u0161a bez potrebe za brijanjem, ispiranjem ili pranjem krzna, i vratite mi\u0161a natrag u kavez. Uzmite krv u odre\u0111enim vremenskim razdobljima tijekom sljede\u0107ih \u0161est tjedana, kako biste otkrili je li imunolo\u0161ki sustav ovog mi\u0161a proizveo protutijela koja se ve\u017eu na  S. epidermidis.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Odgovor antitijela mi\u0161eva na S. epidermidis bio je \u0161okantan, rekao je Fischbach. “Razine tih antitijela polako su se pove\u0107avale, zatim jo\u0161 malo i onda jo\u0161 vi\u0161e. Nakon \u0161est tjedana dosegli su vi\u0161u koncentraciju nego \u0161to bi se o\u010dekivalo od obi\u010dnog cijepljenja i ostali su na tim razinama.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

“Kao da su mi\u0161evi bili cijepljeni”, rekao je Fischbach. Njihov odgovor antitijela bio je jednako jak i specifi\u010dan kao da je reagirao na patogen.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

“\u010cini se da se ista stvar prirodno doga\u0111a kod ljudi”, rekao je Fischbach. “Dobili smo krv od ljudskih darivatelja i otkrili da su njihove cirkuliraju\u0107e razine antitijela usmjerenih na S. epidermidis bile visoke kao bilo \u0161to protiv \u010dega se rutinski cijepimo. \u010cini se da na\u0161 \u017eestoki imunolo\u0161ki odgovor na te komenzalne<\/strong> bakterije koje se motaju s druge strane te izuzetno va\u017ene antimikrobne barijere koju nazivamo na\u0161om ko\u017eom nema svrhe.”<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Korak po korak, Fischbachov tim pretvorio je S. epidermidis u \u017eivo, plug-and-play cjepivo koje se mo\u017ee primijeniti lokalno. Saznali su da je dio S. epidermidisa koji je najodgovorniji za pokretanje sna\u017enog imunolo\u0161kog odgovora protein koji se zove Aap<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ova velika struktura, pet puta ve\u0107a od prosje\u010dnog proteina, str\u0161i iz stani\u010dne stijenke bakterije. Aap izaziva skok ne samo u antitijelima koja se prenose krvlju, a koja su imunolozima poznata kao IgG, ve\u0107 i drugim antitijelima, zvanim IgA<\/strong>, koja se nalaze na sluznicama na\u0161ih nosnica i plu\u0107a.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

“Respiratorni patogeni odgovorni za obi\u010dnu prehladu, gripu i COVID-19<\/strong> \u017eele u\u0107i u na\u0161a tijela kroz na\u0161e nosnice. Normalna cjepiva to ne mogu sprije\u010diti. Na posao kre\u0107u tek kada uzro\u010dnik u\u0111e u krv. Bilo bi puno bolje sprije\u010diti ga da uop\u0107e u\u0111e.”<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Nakon \u0161to su identificirali Aap kao glavnu metu antitijela, znanstvenici su tra\u017eili na\u010din da ga pokrenu. Stoga su zamijenili gen koji kodira dio toksina tetanusa za fragment gena koji kodira komponentu koja se ina\u010de prikazuje u “li\u0161\u0107u” ovog divovskog proteina nalik stablu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Primijenili su nekoliko aplikacija tijekom \u0161est tjedana. Mi\u0161evi s bioin\u017eenjerskim S. epidermidisom, ali ne i ostali, razvili su iznimno visoke razine protutijela koja ciljaju na toksin tetanusa<\/strong>. Kad su istra\u017eiva\u010di mi\u0161evima ubrizgali smrtonosne doze toksina tetanusa, svi su mi\u0161evi kojima je davana prirodna S. epidermidis podlegli bolesti, dok su mi\u0161evi koji su primili modificiranu verziju ostali bez simptoma<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sli\u010dan eksperiment, u kojem su istra\u017eiva\u010di ubacili gen za toksin difterije<\/strong> umjesto onog za toksin tetanusa, tako\u0111er je izazvao masivne koncentracije antitijela usmjerenih na toksin difterije.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Znanstvenici su na kraju otkrili da jo\u0161 uvijek mogu dobiti odgovore antitijela koja spa\u0161avaju \u017eivot kod mi\u0161eva nakon samo dvije ili tri primjene.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Tako\u0111er su pokazali da prethodna prisutnost bakterije na ko\u017ei tih mi\u0161eva (kao \u0161to je tipi\u010dno za ljude, ali ne i mi\u0161eve) nije ometala sposobnost eksperimentalnog tretmana da potakne sna\u017ean odgovor antitijela. To implicira, rekao je Fischbach, da gotovo 100 postotna kolonizacija ko\u017ee S. epidermidisom ne bi trebala predstavljati problem za upotrebu konstrukta kod ljudi.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

“Sada znamo da djeluje kod mi\u0161eva”, rekao je Fischbach. “Sljede\u0107e, moramo pokazati da djeluje na majmunima<\/strong>. To je ono \u0161to \u0107emo u\u010diniti, a ako stvari budu i\u0161le dobro, o\u010dekujem da \u0107e ovaj pristup cijepljenju u\u0107i u klini\u010dka ispitivanja<\/strong> na ljudima u roku od dvije ili tri godine.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

“Mislimo da \u0107e ovo raditi za viruse, bakterije, gljivice i jednostani\u010dne parazite”, rekao je. “Ve\u0107ina cjepiva ima sastojke koji poti\u010du upalni odgovor i \u010dine da se osje\u0107ate pomalo bolesno. Ove ‘bube’ to ne rade. O\u010dekujemo da ne\u0107ete do\u017eivjeti nikakvu upalu”.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

OTPOR.Media<\/sup><\/strong><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Zamislite svijet u kojem je cjepivo krema koju utrljate na ko\u017eu umjesto igle koju vam u ko\u017eu ili mi\u0161i\u0107 zabija zdravstveni djelatnik. Kamo sre\u0107e ako je to cjepivo potpuno bezbolno i ne prate ga temperatura, oteklina, crvenilo ili bol u ruci. Zahvaljuju\u0107i pripitomljavanju bakterijske vrste koja se nalazi na ko\u017ei svih ljudi na Zemlji od strane istra\u017eiva\u010da Sveu\u010dili\u0161ta […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":41762,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"iawp_total_views":43,"_jetpack_feature_clip_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[163,31],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-41761","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","category-revolucijska-znanost","category-zdravlje"],"yoast_head":"\nIzumili cijepljenje kremom koja bi trebala zamijeniti igle - OTPOR.Media<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/otpor.media\/?p=41761\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"hr_HR\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Izumili cijepljenje kremom koja bi trebala zamijeniti igle\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Zamislite svijet u kojem je cjepivo krema koju utrljate na ko\u017eu umjesto igle koju vam u ko\u017eu ili mi\u0161i\u0107 zabija zdravstveni djelatnik. Kamo sre\u0107e ako je to cjepivo potpuno bezbolno i ne prate ga temperatura, oteklina, crvenilo ili bol u ruci. Zahvaljuju\u0107i pripitomljavanju bakterijske vrste koja se nalazi na ko\u017ei svih ljudi na Zemlji od strane istra\u017eiva\u010da Sveu\u010dili\u0161ta […]\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/otpor.media\/?p=41761\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"OTPOR.Media\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:publisher\" content=\"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/otpor.media\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2024-12-14T20:33:00+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2024-12-14T20:33:04+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/otpor.media\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/ki.jpg\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"624\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"416\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:type\" content=\"image\/jpeg\" \/>\n<meta name=\"author\" content=\"otpormedia\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Napisao\/la\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"otpormedia\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:label2\" content=\"Procijenjeno vrijeme \u010ditanja\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data2\" content=\"6 minuta\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\\\/\\\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"Article\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/otpor.media\\\/?p=41761#article\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/otpor.media\\\/?p=41761\"},\"author\":{\"name\":\"otpormedia\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/otpor.media\\\/#\\\/schema\\\/person\\\/a274232a44e6bceb3b5681f0fe2474ab\"},\"headline\":\"Izumili cijepljenje kremom koja bi trebala zamijeniti igle\",\"datePublished\":\"2024-12-14T20:33:00+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2024-12-14T20:33:04+00:00\",\"mainEntityOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/otpor.media\\\/?p=41761\"},\"wordCount\":1095,\"commentCount\":0,\"publisher\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/otpor.media\\\/#organization\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/otpor.media\\\/?p=41761#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/otpor.media\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2024\\\/12\\\/ki.jpg\",\"articleSection\":[\"(R)EVOLUCIJSKA ZNANOST\",\"ZDRAVLJE\"],\"inLanguage\":\"hr\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"CommentAction\",\"name\":\"Comment\",\"target\":[\"https:\\\/\\\/otpor.media\\\/?p=41761#respond\"]}],\"copyrightYear\":\"2024\",\"copyrightHolder\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/otpor.media\\\/#organization\"}},{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/otpor.media\\\/?p=41761\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/otpor.media\\\/?p=41761\",\"name\":\"Izumili cijepljenje kremom koja bi trebala zamijeniti igle - 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